Multiple shadow house, 2010 - Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei 每 2025 - Photo: Taipei Fine Arts Museum

Last week to see 'Olafur Eliasson: Your curious journey', at the Taipei Fine Arts Museum, until 21 September 2025.

Currently part of the exhibition, 'Multiple shadow house', 2010, is a free-standing wooden framework with translucent projection screens for walls. Four of the screens are illuminated by groups of differently coloured lamps whose light blends to project vivid monochrome hues on the screens. When visitors enter the structure, they cast an array of overlapping coloured shadows on the walls. These dynamic silhouettes, visible from both sides of the screens, enlarge and multiply visitors’ every movement, inviting them to co-produce an architecture of ephemeral gestures (photo: Taipei Fine Arts Museum).

Taipei Fine Arts Museum

Opening June 21 at Taiwan Fine Arts Museum in Taipei Taiwan, 'Olafur Eliasson: Your curious journey' reflects on Olafur's three-decade-long career, showcasing seventeen works that span installation, painting, sculpture, and photography. ?
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'Your curious journey' is an artistic exploration that transcends borders and engages the senses. This travelling exhibition, launched in 2024, has already received enthusiastic feedback at the Singapore Art Museum and Auckland Art Gallery Toi o T芋maki in New Zealand. Now, this journey reaches its third stop at the Taipei Fine Arts Museum, inviting audiences to engage in an immersive dialogue exploring light, shadow, space, and perception. Afterwards, it will continue to Museum MACAN in Jakarta and MCAD Manila – Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, further deepening the connections and conversations among audiences, museums, and the world through contemporary art.

Photo: Taipei Fine Arts Museum

Long daylight pavilion, 2025 - Kruunuvuorenranta, Helsinki, Finland 每 2025 - Photo: HAM / Maija Toivanen

Long daylight pavilion is a site-specific artwork that marks the sun’s path through the sky above the city of Helsinki on the summer solstice. Curated by HAM Helsinki Art Museum, the light installation is inspired by time, the sun, and the geographical location of Helsinki. Opening 5 June, the work is Olafur's first public artwork in Finland.

“It’s a great honour for me to see my work Long daylight pavilion occupy such a key position in this forward-looking new area of Helsinki. I hope that it will rapidly become an attractive destination for residents of the neighbourhood, connecting them to the world by gesturing to the path of the sun at this location. And for those viewing it from the city as a bright light across the water, I hope that it offers a point of orientation on their horizon,” said Olafur.

Photo: HAM / Maija Toivanen

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Sneak peek of Olafur's new exhibit at neugerriemschneider, opening 02 May. The lure of looking through a polarised window of opportunities, or seeing a surprise before it’s reduced, split, and then further reduced

Photo: Jens Ziehe

Under the weather, 2022 - Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, Florence 每 2022 - Photo: Ela Bialkowska, OKNO Studio. Courtesy Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, Florence

Auckland Art Gallery opens 'Olafur Eliasson: Your curious journey' on 7, December 2024 — a retrospective highlighting over 30 years of installations, sculptures, and photographs that explore themes of human perception, experimentation, and environmental awareness. It marks the first solo showcase of Olafur's in Aotearoa, New Zealand.

Olafur describes the exhibition as a collection of diverse artworks that invite visitors to embark on their own journeys: ‘What fascinates me is how the different ways we observe natural phenomena can connect us, not just to each other, but also to the larger world around us. That’s something I try to work with in my art: experiences that welcome everyone and their varied perspectives.’

‘Under the weather’ will be on display in Auckland Art Gallery’s Te Atea | North Atrium as part of the upcoming exhibition ‘Olafur Eliasson: Your curious journey.’

Image credit: Olafur Eliasson, ‘Under the weather’, 2022; Installation view: ‘Olafur Eliasson: Nel tuo tempo’, Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, 2022 (photo: Ela Bialkowska, OKNO Studio).

??? ?? (Breathing earth sphere), 2024 - Docho Island, Shinan County, South Jeolla, South Korea 每 2024 - Photo: Kyungsub Shin

“There are no corners in Breathing earth sphere, no sense of horizon or limit. In fact, there are no walls, ceiling, or floor,” explains Eliasson. ?“Standing there, you may feel, simply, a sense of presence, here and now, within the sphere. Transitioning from red at the bottom to green at the top, the tiles relate intuitively to the earth, to the soil, and to the greenery of plant life. The polyhedrons conjured around you may bring associations to the crystals in the soil, the tiny nutrients that give life to us all.”?
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'??? ?? (Breathing earth sphere)' opens today on Docho Island, Shinan County in South Korea. The installation, part of a larger initiative by Shinan County that celebrates the region's natural beauty, centers around public art projects that draw attention to reimagining the immediate environment.?
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'??? ?? (Breathing earth sphere),' 2024; Installation view: Docho Island, Shinan County, South Jeolla, South Korea, 2024; Photo: Kyungsub Shin; Commissioned by Shinan County

'Your psychoacoustic light ensemble'

Tanya Bonakdar Gallery is presenting a solo exhibition of new works by Olafur, from October 24 to December 19, 2024. 'Your psychoacoustic light ensemble' comprises two new groups of light installations and a series of recent watercolors. All of the works draw on Olafur’s continued interest in colour phenomena and the relativity of our perception, themes that for Olafur emphasise how our experiences of the world are highly individual, context-dependent, and subject to change. ‘Colour’, Olafur explains, ‘does not exist in itself but only when looked at. The unique fact that colour only materialises when light bounces off a surface onto our retinas shows us that the analysis of colours is, in fact, about the ability to analyse ourselves.'

 

Image: 'Your psychoacoustic light ensemble', 2024; Installation view: Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, NY, 2024. (Video: Olafur Eliasson).

Lifeworld-Trailer

“‘Lifeworld’ is an artwork I created with CIRCA for anyone who happens to move through the public spaces of Piccadilly Circus in London, Times Square in New York, Kpop Square in Seoul, or Kurfürstendamm in Berlin. The work also takes shape online in the global digital space of WeTransfer. Passing through these dynamic spaces, you might notice a blurred shape and colour crossing the advertising screens that usually display crisp, sensational imagery. At first glance, these ambiguous forms may even be confusing or destabilising. Our cities, as environments, can feel utilitarian when they are primarily dedicated to set modes of commuting or consuming.

 

Online spaces are also increasingly rigidly programmed to be productive and profit-seeking. I believe public spaces come to life when they host a plurality of perspectives, co-created with whoever is there at that point in time – protesters, tourists, street performers, commuters – children and adults, individuals and crowds. ‘Lifeworld’ is an invitation to contemplate who you are and where you are, here and now. The artwork relaxes your sense of depth and time in relation to everything that surrounds you, showing the immediate site anew. The rapid circulation of bodies and vehicles in real life, and information online, dissolves into the soft, slow, liminal perspectives of ‘Lifeworld’. Now these environments, like the artwork itself, are open to our interpretations.” – Olafur Eliasson on ‘Lifeworld’, 2024.

 

From Today, appear every evening at 20:24 local time in London, Berlin, Seoul and Online on WeTransfer (1 Oct to 31 Dec 2024), and return every evening at 23:47 EST throughout November in Time Square, New York. 

Kaleidoscope for plural perspectives - The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA, Los Angeles, California 每 2024 - Photo: Olafur Eliasson

Olafur Eliasson: OPEN from September 15, 2024, through July 6, 2025, at The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA. The first major solo exhibition of Olafur Eliasson in Los Angeles, OPEN is part of the landmark Getty initiative PST ART: Art & Science Collide. Continuing Eliasson’s career-long exploration of light and colour, geometry, and environmental awareness, Olafur Eliasson: OPEN presents a series of site-specific installations responding to MOCA Geffen’s building and the atmospheric conditions of Los Angeles.

 

Olafur Eliasson: OPEN features over a dozen works commissioned for MOCA, along with a selection of recent works organised around the artist’s research on perception, optical devices, physics and natural phenomena, navigational instruments, and colour experimentation. Eliasson draws attention to the relativity of our perception and challenges habitual ways of seeing and experiencing the world. The exhibition is informed by the artist’s belief in the potential of inconclusiveness—the idea that every artwork contains an aspect that is radically open.

 

Image: 'Kaleidoscope for plural perspectives', 2024; Installation view: The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA, Los Angeles; Photo: Olafur Eliasson

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Light experiments for Olafur Eliasson’s upcoming exhibition ‘Open’ at The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 2024 (video: Olafur Eliasson).

OLAFUR ELIASSON SERGI? FI?LMI?

Installation view of 'Olafur Eliasson: Your unexpected encounter (Senin beklenmedik kar??la?man)' at Istanbul Museum of Modern Art, Istanbul, Türkiye, until 09 February 2025. ?The exhibition presents an opportunity to view and explore the themes that Olafur has focused on throughout his 30-year career. His interest in subjects such as light, colour, perception, movement, geometry, and the environment meets the audience through the artworks in the exhibition (video: Canberk Ulusan)?.?

Dusk to dawn, Bosporus?, 2024 - Studio Olafur Eliasson, Berlin 每 2024 - Photo: Jens Ziehe

Opening at Istanbul Modern on 07 June 2024, 'Olafur Eliasson: Your unexpected encounter' offers an opportunity to explore Olafur's three decade long practice and the themes central to it. Olafur emphasises that his works are only complete when viewers engage with them and consider this active participation to be an essential component of his work. Through the audience’s dynamic process of discovery, the phenomena Olafur presents – whether in varied contexts or scales – frequently results in unique experiences.?

Image: Detail of 'Dusk to dawn, Bosporus, 2024; part of Olafur Eliasson: Your unexpected encounter (Senin beklenmedik kar??la?man) at Istanbul Modern (photo: Jens Ziehe?).

Tunnel for unfolding time, 2022 - Fundaci車n Hortensia Herrero, Valencia 每 2023 - Photo: Sharron Ping-Jen Lee / Studio Olafur Eliasson

Viewed from the entrance, the tunnel appears to glow in a fluctuating array of bright tones that overlap and combine to form unexpected colours. The variations in hue are caused by dichroic, colour-effect glass, a material that reflects certain wavelengths of light while allowing others to pass through it unimpeded. The glass thus appears to be a different colour depending on the angle at which the light hits the glass and the position from which it is seen. Viewed directly, the glass appears pink, with a cyan reflection on the surface; seen from an angle, a range of other colours in the spectrum between the two emerges, including oranges and yellows. As viewers move through the tunnel, the colours change constantly, drawing them onwards. The structure simultaneously seems to expand and contract accordion-like towards either end. This sense of movement is enhanced by parallel curves outlined by the angled panels.?

Image: Tunnel for unfolding time, 2022; permanently installed in Fundación Hortensia Herrero, Valencia – 2023 (photo: Sharron Ping-Jen Lee / Studio Olafur Eliasson).

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How can we develop more caring relationships to Earth? Today, tomorrow, and every day.?
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‘The ideas explored by SOE Kitchen shift constantly in scale, extending from the microcosm on the plate to our individual environments and to the planetary system with which we are all entangled. Today on Earth Day, 22 April 2024, we share on WePresent creative principles for anyone to adopt, with our belief that small impacts lead to greater outcomes.’ - Olafur Eliasson
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WePresent’s Manifesto series invites activists and creatives to write 10 rules to live by. This month Icelandic-Danish artist Olafur Eliasson and his studio kitchen team, known as SOE Kitchen, celebrate the connections between human beings, local produce, food and the sun as a system of energy exchange.? #EarthDay 

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Your glacial expectations, a collaboration between landscape architect Günther Vogt and Olafur, refers in its design to the glaciers that formed the landscape around the Kvadrat headquarters, as can still be seen in the site’s topography and geology. The project does not end at the property boundaries, but incorporates the entire surrounding landscape. Building and parking lot have been integrated into the landscape. ?
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Set directly in the rambling meadows, Olafur’s five mirrors form a series ranging from a perfect circle to ever more elongated ellipses. The mirrors reflect the ever-changing sky above and the contemplator’s own gaze, as if in the surfaces of glacial pools in Iceland. The sky opens up in the soil beneath the viewer. ?
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This blurring of the boundaries between above and below, inside and out, finds resonance in the landscape’s melding of wilderness and garden. The dense and clearly delineated groups of trees, planted by Vogt on slight elevations, may appear to be cultivated gardens from a distance. Up close, they are in fact slices of untended wilderness. Although one might expect to be allowed to enter the wild groves, fences deny access – they are Gardens of Eden that cannot be entered. ?
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The sheep that graze the meadows are not native to the site. Part of Olafur’s vision, they were specially brought in from Iceland for Your glacial expectations.?
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?Image: Your glacial expectations, 2012, Kvadrat, Ebeltoft, Denmark, 2012?? Photo: Annabel Elston?

Fa?ade for Harpa Reykjavik Concert Hall and Conference Centre - Reykjavik, 2013 - Photo: Nic Lehoux

Reminiscent of the crystalline basalt columns commonly found in Iceland, the geometric facades of Harpa Reykjavik Concert Hall and Conference Centre were based on a modular, space-filling structure called the quasi brick. Originally developed by geometer and mathematician Einar Thorsteinn in the 1980s, following fifteen years of research into the topic, the quasi brick is a twelve-sided polyhedron consisting of rhomboidal and hexagonal faces. ? ? 

 

In 2002, Olafur and Einar began investigating the potential for using the quasi brick in architecture. When the modules are stacked, they leave no gaps between them, so they can be used to build walls and structural elements. The combination of regularity and irregularity in the modules lends the facades a chaotic, unpredictable quality that could not be achieved through stacking cubes. As a result, the facades for Harpa are both aesthetically and functionally integral to the building. ? 

 

Only the main south facades of Harpa employ the three-dimensional quasi bricks; the irregular geometric patterns of the west, north, and east facades were derived from a two-dimensional sectional cut through the three-dimensional bricks. ? The quasi brick modules incorporate panes of colour-effect filter glass, which appear to be different colours according to how the light hits them; the building shimmers, reacting to the weather, time of year or day, and the position and movements of viewers.? 

 

Olafur and his studio designed the facades of Harpa Reykjavik Concert Hall and Conference Centre in collaboration with Henning Larsen Architects.? ? 

 

Image: Façade for Harpa Reykjavik Concert Hall and Conference Centre, Reykjavik, 2013, Photo: Nic Lehoux? 

        

Berliner Treibholz, 2009 - Berlin, 2010 - Photo: Studio Olafur Eliasson

In 2008, Olafur harvested about fifty large tree trunks from the northern coast of Iceland. The wood, not native to that country, where less than one percent of the land is covered in forest, belonged to a mass of timber that washes up on Iceland’s shores from Siberia, carried by drifting polar ice and bleached by the sun and saltwater during its long transit.?
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After shipping the trunks to Berlin, Olafur then curated an urban intervention with the driftwood, inserting the massive logs into the cityscape overnight, leaving them in unexpected locations, on main plazas and small side streets alike. The trunks were placed in roundabouts, parking areas, and other in-between spaces as if they had simply drifted into the city and become entangled in its grid. This intervention, titled 'Berliner Treibholz' (Berlin driftwood; 2009), used the timber to generate small frictional dialogues, offering momentary thresholds of subtle resistance to our often pragmatic and automated relations with our surroundings.?
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The driftwood represents a story of migration and a narrative of natural forces. These nomads hover on the border between natural and artificial, between the normal and the unexpected, just as they float on the border of the sea and the Icelandic shore.?
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Images: 'Berliner Treibholz', 2009. Berlin, 2010. 

Your double-lighthouse projection, 2002 - Tate Modern, London, 2004 每 2002 - Photo: Tate Photography (Andrew Dunkley & Marcus Leith)

'Your double-lighthouse projection' deals with the concept of ‘completing’ a work in the eye of the beholder. ?
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‘Faced with two circular rooms of different sizes, viewers are initially invited to enter the larger space incorporating hundreds of red, blue and green fluorescent tubes encased behind a seamless translucent wall. The colour of the illuminated enclosure, flooding the perceptual field, gradually changes through a random spectrum, from pink to blue to orange and so on. At each point, the retinal after-image mixes the colours perceived before the eye, until it becomes impossible to differentiate between the two. The adjacent room, lit simply with white light, provides viewers with the opportunity to refresh their visual faculties. Always in a state of flux, the work constantly communicates new experience and meaning.’? - Susan May, Tate Modern curator, ‘Meteorologica’, from 'Olafur Eliasson: The Weather Project‘, 2003. 
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Image: 'Your double-lighthouse projection,' 2002?. Tate Modern, London, 2004 – 2002, Tate Photography (Andrew Dunkley & Marcus Leith).

The spiralling presence of the not-too-distant future, 2023 - Photo: Jens Ziehe

Starting in 2018 Olafur began producing artworks inspired by the phenomenon of the lens flare – the rings and circles of light that appear in a lens when it is pointed towards the sun or another bright light source. Resulting from the physics of the lens, flares are generally considered errors to be avoided in photography and film. Olafur, however, transforms these undesired flares into a central element to be explored in all its aesthetic possibilities. Originating in his long interest in light and refraction, this body of works includes projections as well as dynamic glass wall compositions like this one. Colourful panes of silvered, handblown glass are arranged according to the geometrical arrangements that result from the flare. The ripples, bubbles, and small irregularities in the hand-blown panes of glass reflect the craftsmanship that has gone into the artwork’s production and lend the shapes a fluid organic quality. The vibrant composition of overlapping circles and ellipses stretches out in front of a grey background that presents a spiralling vortex flattened into two dimensions.?
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Image: 'The spiralling presence of the not-too-distant future', 2023 (photo: Jens Ziehe).
        

Now, here, nowhere, 2023 - Studio Olafur Eliasson, Berlin 每 2023 - Photo: Jens Ziehe

‘The Flesh of the Earth,’ a multidisciplinary exhibition curated by Nigerian-American writer and critic Enuma Okoro opened recently at Hauser and Wirth, New York. ?
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The exhibition, in the words of Okoro, ‘encourages us all to consider ways of decentering ourselves from the prevalent anthropocentric narrative, to reimagine a more intimate relationship with the earth and to renew our connection with the life-force energy that surges through all of creation, both human and more-than-human. Our human bodies—one of a diversity of created bodies of the natural world—are the primary language with which we dialogue with the earth. By acknowledging that these varied bodies are always in relationship we reawaken our awareness of the quality of those relationships, considering where we may falter or harm, and also deepen our appreciation and recognition of our interdependence with the more-than-human world.’ ?
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Olafur's work ‘Now, here, nowhere’ forms part of the exhibition.?
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Image: 'Now, here, nowhere' 2023, Courtesy the artist and Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York and Los Angeles

Din blinde passager, 2010 - Tate Modern, London 每 2019 - Photo: Anders Sune Berg

‘The playfulness that gives meaning to our activity includes uncertainty, but in this case the uncertainty is an openness to surprise. This is a particular metaphysical attitude that does not expect the world to be neatly packaged, ruly. Rules may fail to explain what we are doing. We are not self-important, we are not fixed in particular constructions of ourselves, which is part of saying that we are open to self-construction. We may not have rules, and when we do have rules, there are no rules that are to us sacred. We are not worried about competence. We are not wedded to a particular way of doing things. While playful we have not abandoned ourselves to, nor are we stuck in, any particular "world". We are there creatively. We are not passive. Playfulness is, in part, an openness to being a fool, which is a combination of not worrying about competence, not being self-important, not taking norms as sacred and finding ambiguity and double edges a source of wisdom and delight.’ - Maria Lugones, 'Playfulness, "World"-Travelling, and Loving Perception', 1987. ?
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Images: ‘Din blinde passager’, 2010. Tate Modern, London, 2019. Photo: Anders Sune Berg.?

In real life, 2019 - Tate Modern, London 每 2019 - Photo: Anders Sune Berg

At the Interacting Minds Centre at Aarhus University, we run a series of experiments examining the idea of trust… Our assumption was that trust is something that can easily be eroded but is difficult to build up. We, therefore, conducted an experiment where people alternated between playing with computer agents, or bots, that were either quite willing to share or really unwilling to share, and with other people who had had similar experiences. This allowed us to create particular environments of high and low trust. Our assumption was that if one starts out in a scenario of high trust, one may be able to remain in that state. However, if one were so unlucky as to begin in an experiment under conditions of low trust, it would be very difficult to build it subsequently. In fact, this was not at all what we found. People appeared to be enormously responsive to the environment they were in, here and now. When they were playing with ‘trusting bots’, they would also display a high degree of trust. And if the bots showed a low degree of trust, then the participants also displayed a low degree of trust. Furthermore, when they interacted with other people, participants were actually rather unaffected by what had gone on in the previous round. Thus, the picture that emerged was that people seem very sensitive to the specific environment and rules of interaction that were applicable at a given time. This is potentially a very positive story – if it holds – because it appears that trust may breed trust, just as distrust breeds distrust.’ - Olafur interviewing Andreas Roepstorff, a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Aarhus, Denmark, for the catalogue of the exhibition ‘In Real life’, Tate Modern, 2019. ?
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Image: ‘In real life’, 2019. Tate Modern, London, 2019. Photo: Anders Sune Berg.

Your trust, 2014 - Photo: Jens Ziehe, 2014

In 'Your trust', 2014, six panes of hand-blown, coloured glass have been arranged at eye-level inside an open metal box, one behind the other, to create an array of overlapping ellipses. Each pane has been tinted a single tone of green, blue, violet, red, orange, or yellow, and a different elliptical section, ranging from a thin oval to a full circle, has been cut out to create a dynamic progression of colour and geometry. The layering of the panes produces myriad tints that shift and emerge as the viewer moves about the work.?
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The elliptical cut-outs allow only highly restricted views of the sheets of glass within. Each pane is visible only through the filtering effect of the others, leaving the viewer uncertain about the actual colouration of the glass sheets (photo: Jens Ziehe).

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‘Entering a museum is a way of stepping closer to society, to the realities that we live in. In a museum, you are able to see things in higher resolution. You become more focused, aware. Your senses become more alert; your body attuned; your mind open. What you encounter are most often artefacts or works of art. In my artistic practice I try to hand over the authority of deciding what is important in these encounters to the visitors. My artworks strive to embody transformation rather than stability and being.’ — Olafur's statement on ‘The curious desert’ at The National Museum of Qatar in 2023.?
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Video: ‘OLAFUR ELIASSON, ??????? ????? ??????, THE CURIOUS DESERT, 2023’, Tigerlily Productions for Studio Olafur Eliasson and Qatar Museums. Directed by Lana Daher; Produced by Natasha Dack Ojumu.

Riverbed, 2014

‘Riverbed’ fills the white space of the museum with a grey, rocky landscape through which a narrow stream meanders. The landscape, comprising stones of various size and shape and in a range of grey tones, slopes up gently from where visitors enter and the stream disappears. Visitors are free to choose their own path as they move up towards the source of the stream, where the water bubbles up mysteriously through the stones. The contrast between these entirely new pathways and the routes suggested by the museum’s architecture challenges visitors’ expectations and invites them to find innovative ways of navigating the space.?
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Video: Documentation of ‘Riverbed’, 2014; previously installed LouisianaMuseum of Modern Art, Denmark, 2014.

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※How many?§ asked Varley, with his mouth almost at Bill*s ear. ※Ever since she came back to Three Star, I have longed to meet you. I have lain awake, tortured by the desire to grasp you by the throat and call you to account. I am not a religious man, but I have prayed, actually prayed for this hour. And it has come!§ Her start of distress stopped him short. "Don't call me that,--my--my own," she faltered. ※But if he is guilty and you are not?§ "Ah, colonel, that's what we all want to know," replied old Manley, the village carpenter, a bent and venerable figure, long past work. "I'm over eighty, but I never remember that gate being locked as long as I have lived at Trelasco, and that's all my life, colonel. There's always been a right of way through that wood." He knew that in this desire he exceeded the teaching of churchmen; that another priest in his place might have bade her keep her sad secret to the end, he down with it in her early grave, be remembered as a saint, yet die knowing herself a sinner. If he had thought of the husband's peace first, he would have counselled silence. But he thought most of this stricken soul, with wings that spread themselves towards heaven, held down to earth by the burden of an unpardoned sin. These problems deserve to be solved with such geometrical precision as shall suffice to prevail over the clouds of sophistication, over seductive eloquence, or timid doubt. Had I no other merit than that of having been the first to make clearer to Italy that which other nations have dared to write and are beginning to practise, I should deem myself fortunate;[121] but if, in maintaining the rights of men and of invincible truth, I should contribute to rescue from the spasms and agonies of death any unfortunate victim of tyranny or ignorance, both so equally fatal, the blessings and tears of a single innocent man in the transports of his joy would console me for the contempt of mankind. From this we see how useful is the art of printing, which makes the public, and not a few individuals, the guardians of the sacred laws, and which has scattered that dark spirit of cabal and intrigue, destined to disappear before knowledge and the sciences, which, however apparently despised, are in reality feared by those that follow in their wake. This is the reason that we see in Europe the diminution of those atrocious crimes that afflicted our ancestors and rendered them by turns tyrants or slaves. Whoever knows the history of two or three centuries ago and of our own, can see that from the lap of luxury and effeminacy have sprung the most pleasing of all human virtues, humanity, charity, and the toleration of human errors; he will know what have been the results of that which is so wrongly called &old-fashioned simplicity and honesty.* Humanity groaning under implacable superstition; the avarice and ambition of a few dyeing with human blood the golden chests and thrones of[132] kings; secret assassinations and public massacres; every noble a tyrant to the people; the ministers of the Gospel truth polluting with blood hands that every day came in contact with the God of mercy〞these are not the works of this enlightened age, which some, however, call corrupt. We had a very inspiring sermon this morning preached by the Bishop and handkerchiefs and books and purse--and most of all I love you! that I ought to belong? The stars were bright chips of fire in a sky of polished blue. The wind of the day had died at dusk, and the silence was deep, but up among the bare graves the coyotes were barking weirdly. As she looked off across the low hills, there was a quick, hissing rattle at her feet. She moved hastily, but without a start, and glanced down at a rattler not three feet away. [Pg 120] The parson nodded again. The Duke of Richmond made a feeble reply, and then Chatham rose, in the deepest indignation, to answer the Duke, but the violence of his feelings overcame him; he staggered and fell in a swoon, and would have been prostrated on the[252] floor but for the assistance of some friendly hands. He lay apparently in the agonies of death. The whole House was agitated; the Peers crowded round him in the greatest commotion; all except the Earl of Mansfield, who beheld the fall of his ancient rival almost as unmoved, says Lord Camden, "as the senseless body itself." His youngest son, John Charles Pitt, was there, and exerted himself to render all possible assistance. The insensible orator was carried in the arms of his friends to the house of Mr. Sargent, in Downing Street. By the prompt aid of a physician, he was in some degree recalled to consciousness, and within a few days was conveyed to his own dwelling at Hayes. There he lingered till the morning of May 11th, when he died in the seventieth year of his age. [See larger version] Regardless of all advice, Buonaparte hastened to precipitate matters with Russia. He seized and confiscated fifty Swedish merchantmen, and further to express his determination to punish Bernadotte for his refusal to be his slave〞he boasted before his courtiers that he would have him seized in Sweden, and brought to the castle of Vincennes, and he is said to have planned doing it〞in January of this year he ordered Davoust to enter Swedish Pomerania and take possession of it. Buonaparte followed up this act of war by marching vast bodies of troops northwards, overrunning Prussia, Pomerania, and the Duchy of Warsaw with them. They were now on the very frontiers of Russia, and Alexander was in the utmost terror. He saw already four hundred thousand men ready to burst into his dominions, and as many more following. He had only one hundred and forty thousand to oppose them; he had no generals of mark or experience; confusion reigned everywhere. In the utmost consternation he demanded an interview with Bernadotte, now the sole hope of Europe, at Abo; and Bernadotte, who had his objects to gain, took his time. When the Russian Ambassador, in great trepidation, said to him that the Emperor waited for him, he rose, laid his hand on his sword, and said, theatrically, "The Emperor waits! Good! He who knows how to win battles may regard himself as the equal of kings!" This report was published in the Moniteur on the morning of Monday, July 26th. On the same day, and in the same paper, appeared the famous Ordonnances, signed by the king, and countersigned by his Ministers. By the first the liberty of the press was abolished, and thenceforth no journal could be published without the authority of the Government. By the second the Chamber of Deputies, which was to meet in the ensuing month, was dissolved. By the third a new scheme of election was introduced, which destroyed the franchise of three-fourths of the electors, and reduced the number of deputies to little more than one half. Thus the whole Constitution was swept away by a stroke of the royal pen. As soon as these Ordonnances became generally known throughout the city the people were thrown into a state of violent agitation. The editors and proprietors of twelve journals assembled, and having resolved that the Ordonnances were illegal, they determined to publish their papers on the following day. A statement of their case, signed by thirty-eight persons, was published in the Nationale. They said: "In the situation in which we are placed, obedience ceases to be a duty. We are dispensed from obeying. We resist the Government in what concerns ourselves. It is for France to determine how far her resistance ought to extend." In pursuance of this announcement the journalists were preparing to issue their papers when the police entered the offices and began to scatter the type and break the presses. In some of the offices the workmen resisted, and the locks of the doors had to be picked; but no smith could be got to do the work except one whose business it was to rivet the manacles on galley slaves. There was a meeting of the electors of Paris, who quickly decided upon a plan of operations. Deputations were appointed to wait on the manufacturers, printers, builders, and other extensive employers, requesting them to discharge their workpeople, which was done, and on the 27th 50,000 men were assembled in different parts of the town, in groups, crying, "Vive la Charte!" About thirty deputies, who had arrived in town, met at the house of M. Casimir Perier, and resolved to encourage the rising of the people. The troops were under arms; and it is stated that without any provocation from the people except their cries, the military began to sabre the unarmed multitude. The first shot seems to have been fired out of a house, by an Englishman, named Foulkes, who was fired on by the military, and killed. Alarming reports spread through the city that the blood of the people was being wantonly shed, and that women were not spared. The black flag was raised in various quarters, ominous of the desperate nature of the struggle. The night of the 27th was spent in preparation. The shops of the armourers were visited, and the citizens armed themselves with all sorts of weapons〞pistols, sabres, bayonets, etc. In every street men were employed digging up the pavements, and carrying stones to the tops of the houses, or piling them behind the barricades, which were being constructed of omnibuses and fiacres at successive distances of about fifty paces. The fine trees of the Boulevards were cut down and used for the same purpose. The garrison of Paris was commanded by General Marmont. It consisted altogether of 11,500 men. At daybreak on the 28th the citizens were nearly ready for battle. Early in the morning national guards were seen hastening to the H?tel de Ville, amidst the cheers of the people. Parties of cavalry galloped up and down, and occasionally a horseman, shot from a window, fell back out of his saddle. At ten o'clock Marmont formed six columns of attack, preceded by cannon, which were to concentrate round the H?tel de Ville. The insurgents retired before the artillery, and the troops, abandoning the open places, took shelter in the houses and behind barriers. In the meantime a desperate fight raged at the H?tel de Ville, which was taken possession of, and bravely defended by the National Guard. Their fire from the top of the building was unceasing, while the artillery thundered below. It was taken and retaken several times. It appears that hitherto the Government had no idea of the nature of the contest. The journals had proclaimed open war. They declared that the social contract being torn, they were bound and authorised to use every possible mode of resistance, and that between right and violence the struggle could not be protracted. This was on the 26th; but at four o'clock p.m., on the 27th, the troops had received no orders; and when they were called out of barracks shortly after, many officers were absent, not having been apprised that any duty whatever was expected. The night offered[317] leisure to arrange and opportunity to execute all necessary precautions. The circumstances were urgent, the danger obvious and imminent; yet nothing at all was done. The contest lasted for three days with varying fortunes. Twice the palace of the Tuileries was taken and abandoned; but on the third day the citizens were finally victorious, and the tricoloured flag was placed on the central pavilion. Marmont, seeing that all was lost, withdrew his troops; and on the afternoon of the 29th Paris was left entirely at the command of the triumphant population. The National Guard was organised, and General Lafayette, "the veteran of patriotic revolutions," took the command. Notwithstanding the severity of the fighting, the casualties were not very great. About 700 citizens lost their lives, and about 2,000 were wounded. It was stated that the troops were encouraged to fight by a lavish distribution of money, about a million francs having been distributed amongst them, for the purpose of stimulating their loyalty. The deputies met on the 31st, and resolved to invite Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, to be lieutenant-general of the kingdom. He accepted the office, and issued a proclamation which stated that the Charter would thenceforth be a truth. The Chambers were opened on the 3rd of August; 200 deputies were present; the galleries were crowded with peers, general officers of the old army, the diplomatic body, and other distinguished persons. The duke, in his opening speech, dwelt upon the violations of the Charter, and stated that he was attached by conviction to the principles of free government. At a subsequent meeting the Chamber conferred upon him the title of the King of the French. He took the oath to observe the Charter, which had been revised in several particulars. On the 17th of August Charles X. arrived in England; and by a curious coincidence there was a meeting that day in the London Tavern, at which an address to the citizens of Paris, written by Dr. Bowring, congratulating them on the Revolution of July, was unanimously adopted. Meetings of a similar kind were held in many of the cities and towns of the United Kingdom. Feelings of delight and admiration pervaded the public mind in Britain; delight that the cause of constitutional freedom had so signally triumphed, and admiration of the heroism of the citizens, and the order and self-control with which they conducted themselves in the hour of victory. Thus ended the Revolution of July, 1830. It was short and decisive, but it had been the finale of a long struggle. The battle had been fought in courts and chambers by constitutional lawyers and patriotic orators. It had been fought with the pen in newspapers, pamphlets, songs, plays, poems, novels, histories. It had been fought with the pencil in caricatures of all sorts. It was the triumph of public opinion over military despotism. To commemorate the three days of July it was determined to erect a column on the Place de la Bastille, which was completed in 1840. O'Connell was promptly challenged by Alvanley, and declined the combat. But his second son, Morgan, was resolved not to let the matter rest. As soon as he heard of the proceedings, he wrote to Lord Alvanley a very spirited letter, in which he designated the challenge as a party man?uvre, with no other object than to cast a stigma upon his father〞upon the party to which he belonged, as well as upon the Government and its supporters. He denounced the proceeding as a wretched man?uvre〞as an utterly ungentlemanly and braggadocio mode of carrying on party warfare. He adopted his father's insulting language, not, he said, in the vain hope of inducing him to give satisfaction; but, lest he should be wrong in that surmise, he intimated that he was at his lordship's service. This letter was conveyed through Colonel Hodges. The result was that the parties met at Arlington Street, when they arranged to have a meeting at a short distance beyond the turnpike next the Regent's Park, on the Barnet[387] Road. The ground was measured at twelve paces; the parties took their positions; the word was given, "Ready〞fire." O'Connell fired, but Lord Alvanley did not, owing to a mistake, and claimed the right to fire, which was refused. Both parties fired two rounds more without effect, each satisfied that the other had acted with perfect fairness. There was no apology made on either side. Yes, in the most scandalous manner they have violated the promises which the Germans gave Cardinal Mercier. But what signifies a word if treaties are only "scraps of paper?" ENTER NUMBET 0026www.hnyzw2.com
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